2.Design Methodologies

2.1 Sustainability Methodology

2.1.1 References, These are in addition to those in Section 6.2. [IMG]
- 2.1.1.1
- 2.1.1.2 LETI Embodied Carbon Primer
  - 2.1.1.2.1 Phase 1 Design
  - 2.1.1.2.2 Phase 2 Procurement
  - 2.1.1.2.3 Phase 3 Construction
  - 2.1.1.2.4 Phase 4 Practical Completion
- 2.1.1.3 SPoW Sustainability Checklist VS Structural Sustainability Report (IStructE) [6.4.7] [6.4.5].
  - 2.1.1.3.1 Initial actions
  - 2.1.1.3.2 Actions that inform the brief
  - 2.1.1.3.3 Actions Related to Carbon Calculations
  - 2.1.1.3.4 Actions to minimise emissions through design (This section builds upon the item 2b)
  - 2.1.1.3.5 Actions to reduce emissions throughout construction
  - 2.1.1.3.6 Actions to reduce carbon emissions on future projects
- 2.1.1.4 Structural Sustainability Report (IStructE) [6.4.5]
  - 2.1.1.4.1 Introduction
  - 2.1.1.4.2 The brief
  - 2.1.1.4.3 Carbon Calculations
  - 2.1.1.4.4 Design Approach
  - 2.1.1.4.5 Construction Approach
2.1.2 Work Stage 2: Design Criteria, Carbon Targets, Calculation Methodology [IMG]
- 2.1.2.1 Structural Engineer to determine what is the most efficient building and structural shapes for that particular location. Contrast the resulting shape with Architectural criteria. [Efficient designs result in carbon efficient buildings]
- 2.1.2.2 Establish Whole Life Carbon Calculation Methodology in coordination with the Design Team
- 2.1.2.3 Calculations. Accuracy Versus uncertainty
- 2.1.2.4 Design criteria to be influenced by the Sustainability perspective. [Lean Design]
- 2.1.2.5 Buildings are material resource Banks [Circularity approach] Reference 6.7.18 Review the Workflows recommended in ARUP report. Public resource.
- 2.1.2.6
- 2.1.2.7 Deliverables and Outcomes of Work Stage 2
  - 2.1.2.7.1 Establish a Baseline Design and an Aspiration target reduction
2.1.3 Work Stage 3: Design Approach [Configuration / Structural solution]
- 2.1.3.1 Optimization of structural configuration. [Grids, floor heights]
- 2.1.3.2 Structural solutions
- 2.1.3.3 Design criteria
- 2.1.3.4 Member optimization of sizes
- 2.1.3.5 Supporting other disciplines
- 2.1.3.6 Track embodied carbon in Structural components to an accepted level of detail.
- 2.1.3.7 Design To achieve the agree targets at stage 2
- 2.1.3.8 Deliverables and Outcomes of Work Stage 3
  - 2.1.3.8.1 Confirm Structural grids to optimise structural carbon footprint
  - 2.1.3.8.2 Update Structural Sustainability Report Stage 3. See Template 6.4.5.
2.1.4 Work Stage 4: Circularity [] and Construction approach []
- 2.1.4.1 Develop Strategy for in Use Maintenance and Deconstruction.
- 2.1.4.2 Design For economy of materials by sufficiently detailed analysis to ensure elements fulfil their role safely but without use of excessive material
- 2.1.4.3 Consider dismountabilty and waste management
- 2.1.4.4 Deliverables and Outcomes of Work Stage 4
  - 2.1.4.4.1 xxxxxx
  - 2.1.4.4.2 Update Structural Sustainability Report Stage 4. See Template 6.4.5.

2.2 Integrated Design

2.2.1 EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design. Section 2: The Requirements:
- 2.2.1.1 Fundamental Requirements: Safety, Serviceability Criteria, Robustness and Fire
- 2.2.1.2 Reliability Differentiation [See 5.Quality Management. EN 1990:2002 Annex B]
- 2.2.1.3 Design Working Life [2.3]
- 2.2.1.4 Durability in conjunction with Maintenance
- 2.2.1.5 Quality Management
2.2.2 Work Stage 0: Strategic Definition
- 2.2.2.1 It is about determining the best means of achieving the client's requirements. A open mind is required: a building might not be the most appropriate solution to meet Client needs. The business case set up.
- 2.2.2.2 Structural advice is not normally required during work stage 0; however the client may seek engineers early advice if the project involves adjacent assets or constraints. Risk assessments will be required if reusing buildings is desired.
- 2.2.2.3 The decision to purchase an existing building may require an early structural survey by ENGINEER.
- 2.2.2.4 The decision to purchase a site where abnormal geotechnical conditions may require an ENGINEER to commission either a Geotechnical Desk Top Study or a full Geotechnical Site Investigation. (Engineer may need advice from ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER on environmental and contamination issues.)
- 2.2.2.5 Tunnel searches.
- 2.2.2.6 Anticipate if ground modelling and Ground Movement Analysis will be required and a financial provision is needed.
- 2.2.2.7 Anticipate if Condition surveys will be required for both private and public assets adjacent to the property. A timeline should be established for the ste surveys to be executed. [In lieu of future liabilities]
- 2.2.2.8 Local drainage asset details, site outfalls etc.
- 2.2.2.9 Research of archive structural information if the development includes an existing building. (contact Local Authority archives or existing engineer if known)
- 2.2.2.10 Deliverables and Outcomes of Work Stage 0
  - 2.2.2.10.1 Client to have a business case which should aligned with a brief
  - 2.2.2.10.2 A brief which meets the Client Aspirations
2.2.3 Work Stage 1: Preparation and Briefing
- 2.2.3.1 It is about developing the detail of the brief and making sure that everything needed for the design process is in place before Stage 2. This includes ensuring that the brief can be accommodated on the site. If structural advice is not requested during work stage 0 the client may seek our advice during work stage 1 if the project involves adjacent assets or constraints:
- 2.2.3.2 Feasibility studies are carried out as part of the briefing process to verify whether a site can accommodate the client's needs, or to test a particular aspect of the brief, allowing the brief to be honed as required. The purchase of an existing building requiring an early structural survey by ENGINEER. The client to consider appointing a designer early, to carry out the Feasibility Studies, as part of the client team, independent from the design team.
- 2.2.3.3 The purchase of a site where abnormal geotechnical conditions are evident requiring ENGINEER to commission either a Geotechnical Desk Top Study or a full Geotechnical Site Investigation. (You may need advice from ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER on environmental and contamination issues.)
- 2.2.3.4 It is essential that, at the end of Stage 1, the brief covers any topics that the client wishes the design team to consider, including Project Outcomes, exemplar projects, Spatial Requirements and how these link to the Project Budget, and any topic or objective that would better inform the design process.
- 2.2.3.5 Deliverables and Outcomes of Work Stage 1
  - 2.2.3.5.1 Client brief fully defined as per above definitions.
2.2.4 Work Stage 2: Concept Design
- 2.2.4.1 It is about getting the design concept right and making sure that the look and feel of the building is proceeding in line with the client's vision, brief and budget.
- 2.2.4.2 Geotechnical Site Investigation if one has not been commissioned during stages 0 and 1. (you may need advice from ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER on environmental and contamination issues.) Preparation of existing building surveys and outline schemes for either the building retention or removal/partial demolition dependent upon the proposed scheme.
- 2.2.4.3 Tunnel searches if not carried out in stages 0 and 1.
- 2.2.4.4 Research of archive structural information if the development includes an existing building if not undertaken in stages 0 and 1. (contact Local Authority archives or existing engineer if known)
- 2.2.4.5 Include in this Stage 2 design report the building codes that the building will be designed to, material grades to be used in the construction of building and structural deflection limits and tolerances to be adopted in the design. (The Stage 2 report produced at the end of this stage will be the basis for the following Stage 3 and Stage 4 reports.)
- 2.2.4.6 Confirm the minimum structural grade of any basements, lift pits, tanks etc. required and what architectural enhancements are required for areas such as electrical switch rooms, habitable rooms etc.
- 2.2.4.7 Consultation to Supply chain companies to check design ideas, buildability, viability, cost etc.
- 2.2.4.8 Documenting Requirements [IMG]
  - 2.2.4.8.1
- 2.2.4.9 Identification of Structural Typologies,
  - 2.2.4.9.1 Moment Resisting Frames
  - 2.2.4.9.2 RC Core surrounded by Steel Structure
  - 2.2.4.9.3 Braced Systems, Diagrid structures
  - 2.2.4.9.4 Basement construction: Open air, Propping, Top Down plunge columns . . .
  - 2.2.4.9.5 Slabs and Decks: Composite MD, timber, Precast, in situ, Post-tension . . .
  - 2.2.4.9.6 Movement Joints, Water tight construction
  - 2.2.4.9.7 Ground Floor Slabs: Suspended, ground bearing, propping perimeter walls, water barriers, Vapour Barriers, Ground Gas Methane
  - 2.2.4.9.8 Durability design and Maintenance including environmental aspects: chemical exposure both over and under ground. Hierarchy in different Durability aspirations for different parts of the structure, Core vs Slabs.
- 2.2.4.10 Identification of Structural Systems [IMG]
  - 2.2.4.10.1
  - 2.2.4.10.2 Stability System, Horizontal loads
  - 2.2.4.10.3 Gravity Loads to Foundation.
  - 2.2.4.10.4 Diaphragm systems, In plane Internal Stresses: Thermal, Stability, Creep, shrinkage
  - 2.2.4.10.5 Soil System vs Structure
- 2.2.4.11 Identification of Structural Interfaces between different Structural systems, specially those designed by specialist [CDP]
  - 2.2.4.11.1 Loads to Foundation [interface to pile design]
  - 2.2.4.11.2 End reactions in steel beams [interface to connection design]
  - 2.2.4.11.3 Interfaces with Fire design. Building Safety Act
  - 2.2.4.11.4 Ground Floor Slab [Interface with Waterproofing, Interface with Cladding, Thermal Insulation, Gas membranes, ventilated chambers]
  - 2.2.4.11.5 Lift installation. Dimensions Supports, Vertical Movements, Tolerances
  - 2.2.4.11.6 Stairs: Dimensions, tolerances, in situ vs prefab.
  - 2.2.4.11.7 Cladding, loads deformations, site sequence etc.�
  - 2.2.4.11.8 Tolerance coordination with Site construction: Quality Assurance and Quality control
- 2.2.4.12 Identification of Structural Materials,
  - 2.2.4.12.1 Design According to specific material design codes
  - 2.2.4.12.2 Environmental assessments
  - 2.2.4.12.3 Waste disposal, and demolition.
- 2.2.4.13 Identification of constraints, 3rd parties,
  - 2.2.4.13.1 Party Walls,
  - 2.2.4.13.2 Neighbours
- 2.2.4.14 Environmental loading, and other environmental parameters.
  - 2.2.4.14.1 Wind, Snow, earthquake
  - 2.2.4.14.2 Ground Water, Soil parameters, Chemical reaction with foundations.
- 2.2.4.15 Deliverables and Outcomes of Work Stage 2
  - 2.2.4.15.1 Produce a structural Stage 2 design report for the building giving dead and super imposed loads to be used in the design of the building, inclusive of the allowance made for cladding. (The Stage 2 report produced at the end of this stage will be the basis for the following Stage 3 and Stage 4 reports.)
  - 2.2.4.15.2 Produce a structural scheme for the building confirming the structural floor zone in conjunction with both the Architect and Services Engineer.
  - 2.2.4.15.3 Produce a structural scheme for the building confirming the stability walls, bracing etc.
  - 2.2.4.15.4 Produce a structural scheme for the building giving weights per m3 for steelwork and reinforcement.
  - 2.2.4.15.5 Produce a foundation scheme for the building giving weights per m2/m 3 for reinforcement to piles, pile caps, ground beams, reinforced concrete foundation bases, raft foundations etc. whichever proposal is adopted.
  - 2.2.4.15.6 Produce a preliminary Revit model with general arrangement drawings and sections for the previous two items.
  - 2.2.4.15.7 Produce a preliminary underground drainage scheme. Depending on whether a Planning Application is to be submitted during the Stage 2 design period a Flood Risk Assessment and initial drainage layout would be required as part of the application. (seek advice from DRAINAGE ENGINEER for outfall positions, discharge rates, attenuation volumes etc.)
  - 2.2.4.15.8 Produce a preliminary scheme for any demolition or enabling works required to prepare the site for construction, this should include an indicative temporary works scheme for any elements requiring temporary support or restraint. (You may need advice from ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER on environmental and contamination issues.)
  - 2.2.4.15.9 Produce a Loading Document fully coordinated with all the design Team. The document should have all the plandrawings at all levels with the Imposed loadings marked in it. This will include any deflection limitations required fro the building.
2.2.5 Work Stage 3: Spatial Coordination
- 2.2.5.1 Spatially coordinate the design before the focus turns to preparing the detailed information required for manufacturing and constructing the building. The information at the end of this stage needs to be coordinated sufficiently to avoid all but the most minor of iterations at Stage 4 and to make sure that the planning application is based on the best possible information. All Components in terms of overall size performance and outline specification should be defined.
- 2.2.5.2 Revision to, or any new surveys completed since the Stage 2 report was concluded should be reflected in the Stage 3 design.
- 2.2.5.3 Produce a developed structural Stage 3 design report for the building based on the dead and super imposed loads outlined in the Stage 2 report.
- 2.2.5.4 Repeat in the Stage 3 design report the building codes that the building has been designed to.
- 2.2.5.5 Preliminary structural and civil specifications to be issued within the Stage 3 report which will confirm material grades to be used in the construction of building and structural deflection limits and tolerances to be adopted in the design if tighter than the National Specifications. [the specifications should include a Contractor's Design Responsibility Document and a Movement and Tolerances Document]
- 2.2.5.6 Preliminary demolition and foundation piling specifications if applicable to the scheme.
- 2.2.5.7 Confirm Structural grids and numbering conventions [Grids and Column Numbers]
- 2.2.5.8 Confirm the structural floor zone agreed during the Stage 2 and Stage 3 design periods to which the structure has been designed to.
- 2.2.5.9 Develop Strategy for in Use Maintenance and Deconstruction.
- 2.2.5.10 Design For economy of materials by sufficiently detailed analysis to ensure elements fulfil their role safely but without use of excessive material
- 2.2.5.11 Further develop the structural scheme for the building confirming the stability walls, bracing etc.
- 2.2.5.12 Based on the Stage 3 design of the building confirm the material weights for the steelwork, concrete reinforcement and Timber.
- 2.2.5.13 Deliverables and Outcomes of Work Stage 3
  - 2.2.5.13.1 Produce an indicative bay of concrete reinforcement for a typical floor and plant room floor to check that the weights of reinforcement are correct. This will also indicate to the tendering contractors the complexity of the reinforcement especially at critical junctions of slabs, beams and columns.
  - 2.2.5.13.2 Produce a foundation scheme for the building giving weights per m2/m3 for reinforcement to piles, pile caps, ground beams, reinforced concrete foundation bases, raft foundations etc. whichever proposal is adopted.
  - 2.2.5.13.3 Produce a concrete reinforcement drawing for a typical pile cap, ground beam, capping beam, reinforced concrete base etc. to check that the weights of reinforcement are correct. This will also indicate to the tendering contractors the complexity of the reinforcement especially at critical junctions and whether the basement slab is included in the pile cap depth or whether the pile cap depth is taken from the underside of the slab.
  - 2.2.5.13.4 Produce an updated Stage 3 Revit model with general arrangement drawings and sections for the previous items.
  - 2.2.5.13.5 Produce a section through critical elements, this can be by using an annotated section derived form a Revit model.
  - 2.2.5.13.6 Produce enlarged plan details of non-typical steelwork connections which could have a financial implication if not understood by the steelwork contractor. This is usually where we have large plate girders connected to columns, beams connected at an angle, truss connections to columns especially if sliding bearings are required.
  - 2.2.5.13.7 Produce an indicative erection sequence if there are special requirements for un-propping or jacking of steelwork and/or concrete structures. (These abnormal erection procedures should be included in the designer's risk assessment.)
  - 2.2.5.13.8 Produce an updated underground drainage scheme with standard details included. (Seek advice from DRAINAGE ENGINEER.)
  - 2.2.5.13.9 Include in the Stage 3 report the preliminary scheme for any demolition or enabling works required to prepare the site for construction, this should include an indicative temporary works scheme for any elements requiring temporary support or restraint. (You may need advice from ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER on environmental and contamination issues.)
  - 2.2.5.13.10 Include the desk top study for any unexploded ordnance in the Stage 3 report.
  - 2.2.5.13.11 Produce a Designers Risk Assessment applicable for a Stage 3 design, this is the Health and Safety risks specific to the proposed design, these are construction risks and not financial which is dealt with below. (This covers abnormal risks resulting from the design concept, it is not to include general construction risks which are the responsibility of the Contractor.) [this document is a live document and must be updated at each stage as the design progresses]
  - 2.2.5.13.12 Produce a list of elements not designed at this stage which may have a financial implication to the project, this list should go into the Cost Consultants cost risk report. (This list of financial design risks included in the Stage 3 report produced at the end of this stage will be the developed in the following Stage 4 report to ensure that the financial design risks are more developed for the tendering of the project.) [ these financial risks remain as a live document that is reviewed at each stage to be eliminated as the design progresses]
  - 2.2.5.13.13 Produce a set of preliminary GA's and flag the positions of all existing typical details at a sketch level. Flags should allow for the quantification and extend of typical details.
2.2.6 Work Stage 4: Technical Design
- 2.2.6.1 It is about developing the information required to manufacture and construct the building. This requires information from the design team and the specialist subcontractors employed by the contractor [This is very important], regardless of which procurement route is used.
- 2.2.6.2 Update structural and civil specifications to be issued within the Stage 4 report which will confirm material grades to be used in the construction of building and structural deflection limits and tolerances to be adopted in the design if tighter than the National Specifications. (These specifications should be at Construction stage at Stage 4) [the specifications should include a Contractor's Design Responsibility Document and a Movement and Tolerances Document]
- 2.2.6.3 Repeat in the Stage 4 design report the building codes that the building has been designed to, updated if changed during the stage 4 design process.
- 2.2.6.4 Details and designs from Specialist contractor fully coordinated with design Team
- 2.2.6.5 Update demolition and foundation piling specifications if applicable to the scheme to be issued within the Stage 4 report (these specifications should be at Construction stage at Stage 4) [The specifications should include a Contractor's Design Responsibility Document and a Movement and Tolerances Document]
- 2.2.6.6 Provide information for the release of pre-construction Planning Conditions, this is usually only drainage related at this stage.
- 2.2.6.7 Deliverables and Outcomes of Work Stage 4
  - 2.2.6.7.1 Produce concrete reinforcement drawings for pile caps, ground beams, capping beams, reinforced concrete bases and all concrete reinforcement required for the upper floors. (Check that the weights of reinforcement are correct against the estimates given in stages 2 and 3)
  - 2.2.6.7.2 Produce an updated construction issue of the Stage 4 Revit model with general arrangement drawings, sections, core elevations, enlarged core layouts, details and column schedules. (If required).
  - 2.2.6.7.3 Produce further enlarged plan details of non-typical steelwork connections.
  - 2.2.6.7.4 Produce a construction issue of the underground drainage scheme with standard details included. (Seek advice from DRAINAGE ENGINEER.)
  - 2.2.6.7.5 Produce a Designers Risk Assessment applicable for a Stage 4 design, this is the Health and Safety risks specific to the proposed design, these are construction risks and not financial which is dealt with below. (This covers abnormal risks resulting from the design concept, it is not to include general construction risks which are the responsibility of the Contractor.) [This document is a live document and must be updated at each stage as the design progresses]
  - 2.2.6.7.6 Produce a list of elements not designed at this stage which may have a financial implication to the project, this list should go into the Cost Consultants cost risk report. (This list of financial design risks included in the Stage 4 report produced at the end of this stage which should now be the responsibility of the appointed contractor to provide construction solutions) [these financial risks remain as a live document that is reviewed at each stage to be eliminated as the design progresses]
  - 2.2.6.7.7 Produce a structural Stage 4 design report for the building formed from updating the Stage 3 report.
  - 2.2.6.7.8 Prepare full setting out information of all structural elements, which will be fully coordinated and integrated will all other design items.
  - 2.2.6.7.9 Produce a Building Regulations submission pack of drawings and calculations to be submitted during the stage 4 period to ensure that the construction information issued to the successful contractor is in line with the Building Regulation submission.
2.2.7 Work Stage 5: Manufacturing and Construction
- 2.2.7.1 Review the Non-Conformance register with the contractor as the construction progresses to agree solutions and sign off once complete.
- 2.2.7.2 Deliverables and Outcomes of Work Stage 5
  - 2.2.7.2.1 Produce a structural Stage 5 'As Built' design report for the building formed from updating the Stage 4 report. This should include super imposed loading information and drawings for future building use and include the design codes that the building has been designed to.
  - 2.2.7.2.2 Produce an updated 'As Built' construction issue of the Stage 5 Revit model with general arrangement drawings, sections, core elevations, enlarged core layouts, details and column schedules for inclusion in the Health and Safety file. (NB: specifications do not form part of the 'As Built' information provided for the Health and Safety file)
  - 2.2.7.2.3 Produce an 'As Built' Designers Risk Assessment for inclusion in the Health and Safety file. These are the Health and Safety residual risks specific to the structural design. This should include a demolition and dismantling risk assessment for the end of life of the building. This should also include restrictions on the use of the building i.e. tenant changes etc. highlighting critical structures that are not to be removed, adapted or altered in any way.
2.2.8 Work Stage 6: Handover
- 2.2.8.1 Undertake a final site inspection and assess against the Non-Conformance register noted above and provide a letter to the client/project manager confirming that subject to any outstanding Non-Conformance items being completed the structure complies with the Employers Requirements document.
2.2.9 Work Stage 7: Use
- 2.2.9.1 Undertake an end of defects liability period site inspection and assess against the Non-Conformance register noted in Work Stages 5 and 6 above and provide a letter to the client/project manager confirming that subject to any outstanding Non-Conformance items being completed the structure complies with the Employers Requirements document.
- 2.2.9.2 Usually, the only other structural input at this stage is either working on behalf of a tenant undertaking structural changes as part of this fit out works or acting on behalf of the client checking tenant proposals.

2.3 Analysis Method

2.3.1 Work Stage 2: [IMG]
- 2.3.1.1
- 2.3.1.2 Load Combinations and Loading Definition
  - 2.3.1.2.1 Imposed loading definition,
  - 2.3.1.2.2 Environmental loading,
  - 2.3.1.2.3 Accidental loading
  - 2.3.1.2.4 Progressive collapse
  - 2.3.1.2.5 Conceptual Analysis
- 2.3.1.3 Analysis Plan: Definition and schedule of Calculation packages
  - 2.3.1.3.1 Design Parameters and Loadings
  - 2.3.1.3.2 Bending analysis
  - 2.3.1.3.3 Stability analysis
  - 2.3.1.3.4 Foundations
  - 2.3.1.3.5 Soil Structure interaction
  - 2.3.1.3.6 Gravity Load path: transfer-systems
  - 2.3.1.3.7 Vibration Analysis
- 2.3.1.4 Modelling Plan: Integrating from Hand calculations, Excels, 2D and 3D FEA computer models,
  - 2.3.1.4.1 Modelling plan should be project specific, and needs to understand the accuracy increase through different stages of the project.
2.3.2 Domain Mapping Matrices: [IMG]
- 2.3.2.1
2.3.3 Work Stage 3: [IMG]
- 2.3.3.1
- 2.3.3.2 Prepare calculations in sufficient detail to facilitate and validate design solutions
2.3.4 Work Stage 4:
- 2.3.4.1 Prepare full Structural technical design
- 2.3.4.2 All Calculation Packs to be completed and approved by the Technical Director of the project.
- 2.3.4.3 Consider different analysis methods to adapt to specific problem and level of accuracy required
  - 2.3.4.3.1 Structural Systems, ULS SLS
  - 2.3.4.3.2 Linear analysis, Non-Linear analysis,
  - 2.3.4.3.3 Reliability impact. Safety factors,
  - 2.3.4.3.4 Dynamic analysis and vibrations,
  - 2.3.4.3.5 Controlled failure or Hierarchical failure, Failure mode prevention, Resilience based design, Redundancy Design . . .
  - 2.3.4.3.6 Ductility Design, Robustness Design, Seismic isolation, Progressive collapse, Performance based design . . .
  - 2.3.4.3.7 Observational Method, Soil Structure Interaction,
  - 2.3.4.3.8 Design assisted by testing
  - 2.3.4.3.9 Reliability assessment of existing systems: Actual capacity versus design capacity.
  - 2.3.4.3.10 Maintenance vs durability and impact with Reliability.

2.4 Construction Methodologies

2.4.1 Stability typologies, RC core: Jump vs Slip. Steel Frame: Seismic Ductile dissipation.
2.4.2 Foundation typologies: Deep Shallow: Rafts, Combined
2.4.3 Basement Design: Secant P, Diaphragms,

2.5 Safety and Risk Assessment

2.5.1 Site investigations Plan
2.5.2 Design Risk Assessment

2.6 Building Information Modelling

2.6.1 (Item to be specified by Specialist) ISO EN 19650
2.6.2 Communications Protocols to be stablished in Stage 3 and 4. Clash detection capabilities.

2.7 Codes, Standards, and Reference to Relevant Literature

2.7.1 Reference to Building Regulations
2.7.2 Reference to Eurocodes
2.7.3 Reference to Project Specific Literature.
2.7.4 Name similar projects which have been observed in the development of this design.

Case study: Printworks

This project was chosen as an exemplar due to the meticulous methodology it required. As a major refurbishment, it involved validating the existing structure and foundations, with an exceptionally complex testing and site investigation plan. The investigation had to be coordinated across multiple factors: cost efficiency, accessibility, scheduling, and compatibility with the unique site conditions.

Stage 3 was developed while the building remained occupied, which limited site access. The site verifications, such as pile load testing, material sampling, degradation assessments, and pile length evaluations, had to be carefully timed and balanced against the risk mitigation value to determine the optimal execution schedule.

The structural engineers managed two contracts simultaneously: one for demolition and construction on-site, and the other for developing the stage 4 design in parallel. These interconnected processes were expertly handled, ensuring smooth progress through a well-considered methodology.

The Harmsworth Quays

Refurbishment projects involve complex methodologies, focusing on repurposing, validating, and extending the lifespan of existing structural systems. The validation process requires intrusive investigations to determine material properties, assess corrosion, and evaluate the dimensions of concealed elements, along with necessary testing.

These activities must be carefully aligned with the demolition process. However, demolition will not proceed without certainty that the building can be reused as planned. This presents a "chicken and egg" scenario, requiring thorough planning to ensure that assumptions don’t escalate into significant project risks and that stakeholders' liabilities remain manageable.